Naturalization is the legal process by which a lawful permanent resident (green card holder) becomes a U.S. citizen.
13 steps across 2 sections
1. General Requirements
- At least 18 years old at the time of filing.
- Lawful permanent resident (green card holder) for at least 5 years (general) or 3 years (if obtained green card through marriage to a U.S. citizen and still married/living together).
- Continuous residence in the United States during the statutory period.
- Physical presence in the U.S. for at least 30 months of the past 5 years (or 18 months of the past 3 years for marriage-based).
- Residence in the state/USCIS district for at least 3 months before filing.
- Good moral character during the statutory period and up to the oath.
- Ability to read, write, and speak basic English (exceptions for certain elderly long-term residents).
- Knowledge of U.S. history and government (civics test).
- Attachment to the principles of the U.S. Constitution.
2. Exceptions
- 50/20 rule Applicants 50+ years old with 20+ years as LPR can take the civics test in their native language.
- 55/15 rule Applicants 55+ years old with 15+ years as LPR can take the civics test in their native language.
- 65/20 rule Applicants 65+ years old with 20+ years as LPR take a simplified version of the civics test in their native language.
- Military service Special expedited naturalization available for qualifying military members.
Common Mistakes
- Filing too early
- Extended trips abroad
- Tax filing issues
- Criminal history not disclosed
- Not studying for the civics test
Pro Tips
- File as soon as you are eligible
- The new 2026 civics test
- Use free USCIS study materials
- Bring more documents than required
- If you have any criminal history